Aerosol Generation by Modern Flush Toilets

Aerosol Generation by Spark Discharge*

An aerosol generator producing particles of any desired mobility, equivalent radius, and conducting material has been developed. Particles are formed by electrode atomization in a spark discharge. A high yield of charged particles enables generation of high concentration (> 10’ cmm3) monodisperse aerosols using electrostatic classification. In order to obtain nonagglomerated particles, the aero...

Do piped water and flush toilets prevent child diarrhea in rural Philippines?

Similar to other developing countries, diarrhea in the Philippines continues to be among the top causes of child mortality and morbidity. In pursuit of its Millennium Development Goals, the Philippine government commits to reduce child deaths and provide water and sanitation services to more rural households by 2015. Applying propensity score matching on the 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008 rounds of...

Communal Toilets in Urban Poverty

Fluid fragmentation from hospital toilets

One mode of transmission for C. difficile, as well as other pathogens, which has received little attention is the potential air contamination by pathogen-bearing droplets emanating from toilets. So far, modern mitigation strategies focused on cleaning hospital surfaces with products such as bleach, ignoring air contamination. Though toilets have been in use for over a century, little is known a...

Flush+Flush: A Fast and Stealthy Cache Attack

Research on cache attacks has shown that CPU caches leak significant information. Proposed detection mechanisms assume that all cache attacks cause more cache hits and cache misses than benign applications and use hardware performance counters for detection. In this article, we show that this assumption does not hold by developing a novel attack technique: the Flush+Flush attack. The Flush+Flus...